Reverse Engineering of Short Circuit Analyses

The electrical distribution system has evolved with embedded computer systems that can better manage the electrical fault that occurred around the feeders. Such random events can affect the reliability indices of overall systems. Computerized management system for distribution operation has been improving with the advanced sensing technologies. The general research question is here to articulate is the responsiveness for utility crew to pinpoint the exact location of a fault based on the SCADA fault indicators from pole-mounted feeder remote terminal units (FRTUs). This has been a tricky question because it relies on the information received from the sensors that can conclude fault with logic\u27s of over currents. The merit of this work can benefit at large the grid reliability because of time-saving in searching the exact location of a fault. The main contribution of this thesis is to utilize the 3-phase unbalanced power flow method to incrementally search for narrowing the localization of electrical short circuits. This is known as the reversal of the typical short circuit approach where a location of the fault is presumed. The 3 topological configurations of simulation studied in this thesis exhibit the typical radial configuration of a distribution feeder have been researched based on unidirectional and bidirectional power flow simulation. The exact fault location is carried in two steps. Firstly, a bisection search algorithm has been employed. Secondly, an incremental adjustment to match the simulated currents of fault with the measurements is conducted. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of a search can be improved with the proposed algorithm that leads to matching of telemetered and calculated values. The analysis of exact fault location is carried in unidirectional and bidirectional flow of power. Distributed energy resources (DER) such as residential PV at a household level as well the wind energy changes affect the protective relaying within a feeder as well as the reconfigurability of the switching sequences. Furthermost, the bidirectionality of power flow in an unbalanced manner would also be a challenging issue to deal with the power quality in automation. Finally, the simulation results based on unidirectional and bidirectional power flow are extensively discussed along with the future scope

Bisection Search of Faulted Segment Based on Radially Energized Distribution Feeder

The advancement of fault indicators in SCADA communication has evolved with sophisticated mechanism and instrumentation inputs from the pole-mounted feeder terminal units (FRTUs). While this binary inputs would be helpful to narrow down the faulted segment of a distribution feeder, the timing of fault indicators could affect the conclusion of centralized distribution management system (DMS). This paper proposes the methodological approach to systematically pinpoint the faulted segment based on the established logics and uncertainty of realtime measurements. First, the short circuit analysis is reviewed and unbalanced fault current may affect the input variables of the fault indicators. Second, a time interval is imposed based on the timing of the incoming expected inputs. Such inputs are crucial and may vary due to the communication bottleneck of the system. Hence, the reclosing features of protective relays within a feeder would confirm the bisection search. Numerous cases are studied to support the effectiveness of the proposed approach in capturing the overall faulted segment

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Not AvailableThe present study investigated the effects of cadmium chloride on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in liver and kidney tissues of cyprinid fish, Labeo rohita. The test specimens were exposed to three concentrations of cadmium chloride namely, 33.55, 67.09 and 100.64 mg L-1, for 96 h duration. A significant elevation in SOD activity and reduction in CAT activity was observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both the tissues. The results suggest the essential role of SOD and CAT in antioxidant defense system for protecting fish species from oxidative stress; hence, it can be considered as a sensitive biomarker of the antioxidant defense system.Not Availabl

Characteristics Behavior of Shunt DC Electric Spring for Mitigating DC Microgrid Issues

There is a huge pervasive consideration of integrating renewable energy sources (RES) to DC power system. Most of the modern loads are DC. Photovoltaic (PV) integrated DC microgrids feature remarkable advantages such as providing DC which can be directly utilized in DC grids that eliminates major step of AC-DC conversion. However, intermittency of RES and presence of some non- idealistic like voltage fluctuation, droop effect, faults and harmonics causes instability problems in DC microgrid. This leads to voltage weakening, potential blackout and damage to equipment. To deal with inconsistency and improbability of RES new emerging demand side management (DSM) technology has been developed called Electric Spring (ES). ES can be employed in AC or DC grid for supply-demand management. DC Electric Spring (DC-ES) is a unique method of distributed voltage control over traditional single point control by effectively handling supply. This paper comprises one of the types of DC-ES called the shunt DC-ES for voltage regulation and Fault Ride Through (FRT) support with various mode of operation on DC bus. To demonstrate the performance analysis and to alleviate DC microgrid issues, DC-ES is implemented on 48V DC system. Moreover, the detail comprehensive characteristics behavior of shunt DC-ES is presented and validated using MATLAB software

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">Assessment of pollution of river Ganges by tannery effluents using genotoxicity biomarkers in murrel fish, <i>Channa punctatus</i> (Bloch)</span>

476-483<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">River pollution due to rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities adversely affects the aquatic organisms, especially fish. Here, we assessed the genotoxicity, mutagenicity and bioaccumulative aspects of tannery effluents in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">, an inhabitant of river Gange. Test specimens were collected from three different polluted sites of the river within and nearby Kanpur area during different seasons and blood samples of these specimens were processed for comet assay and micronucleus test as genotoxicity biomarkers. A significantly (P <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <0.05) higher micronuclei induction, nuclear abnormalities and % tail DNA was observed in the specimens collected from the polluted sites. Bioaccumulation studies in the muscle (1.202 µg/g) and gill tissues (of the specimens revealed the concentration of chromium (core component of tanning industry) above the maximum permissible limits as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings of the present analysis indicated contamination of river Ganges with tannery effluents which induce genotoxicity in fish with seasonal variation.</span

Performance Evaluation of Series DC-ES for DC bus Voltage Regulation on Different Non-Critical Loads and under FRT Support

DC microgrid is an assured distribution network for incorporating distributed renewable generations and electronic loads. Being an affordable power the installation of PV integrated DC microgrid are growing enormously which will bring new concerns about power system stability. Voltage stability has always been an issue in demand-supply management in DC microgrid. To effectively handle such instability issues new cost effective potential solutions are required. Earlier Electric Spring (ES) has been proposed as the solution to the load management, in the AC microgrids. This paper extends this concept to regulate the bus voltage fluctuation and Fault Ride Through (FRT) condition in DC microgrid by performing dynamically. The objective of the proposed work is to conserve power during generation intermittency by making non-critical loads to absorb less power and adaptively maintaining stable power across critical loads. DC Series Electric Spring (DC-ES) is different from existing technologies which is capable of real time demand side management (DSM). The problems in DC microgrid and their solution with the help of DC-ES have been successfully demonstrated on 48V DC grid for simulation verification using MATLAB environment. The results of DC electric spring show a good agreement with theoretical analysis

Assessment of pollution of river Ganges by tannery effluents.

River pollution due to rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities adversely affects the aquatic organisms, especially fish. Here, we assessed the genotoxicity, mutagenicity and bioaccumulative aspects of tannery effluents in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus, an inhabitant of river Ganges. Test specimens were collected from three different polluted sites of the river within and nearby Kanpur area during different seasons and blood samples of these specimens were processed for comet assay and micronucleus test as genotoxicity biomarkers. A significantly (P <0.05) higher micronuclei induction, nuclear abnormalities and % tail DNA was observed in the specimens collected from the polluted sites. Bioaccumulation studies in the muscle (1.202 μg/g) and gill tissues (<0.300 μg/g) of the specimens revealed the concentration of chromium (core component of tanning industry) above the maximum permissible limits as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings of the present analysis indicated contamination of river Ganges with tannery effluents which induce genotoxicity in fish with seasonal variation.Uttar Pradesh Council of Science & Technology (UP-CST), Lucknow

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Not AvailableThe tannery industries are the reason of major environmental concerns as they release toxic heavy metals, like chromium, in rivers posing risks of genotoxicity and mutagenicity in aquatic organism and indirectly in humans through food chain. In the present analysis, the freshwater inhabitant fishes of River Ganges, viz., Labeo calbasu, Puntius sophore, and Mystus vittatus, were examined for assessing the genotoxic, mutagenic, and bioaccumulative potentials of tannery effluents. For genotoxicity assessment, the blood and gill samples of fishes prevailed from polluted sites of River Ganges adjoining Kanpur city were utilized for comet assay and micronucleus test. The present investigation revealed the presence of significantly (p < 0.05) higher micronuclei induction and % tail DNA in erythrocytes and gill cells of the fishes collected from the polluted sites.The bioaccumulation studies revealed chromium concentration in muscle (0.89 mg/g) and gill tissues (0.24 mg/g) of L. calbasu; muscle (0.44 mg/g) and gills (1.23 mg/g) of P. sophore; and muscle (0.9617 mg/g) and gills (0.3628 mg/g) of M. vittatus, quite higher than the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Consequently, the present study indicates strongly that River Ganges is contaminated with harmful tannery pollutants causing genotoxicity and mutagenicity in freshwater fishes.Uttar Pradesh Council of Science and Technology (UP-CST), Lucknow, India

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Not AvailableThe present study investigated the effects of cadmium chloride on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in liver and kidney tissues of cyprinid fish, Labeo rohita. The test specimens were exposed to three concentrations of cadmium chloride namely, 33.55, 67.09 and 100.64 mg L-1, for 96 h duration. A significant elevation in SOD activity and reduction in CAT activity was observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both the tissues. The results suggest the essential role of SOD and CAT in antioxidant defense system for protecting fish species from oxidative stress; nhence, it can be considered as a sensitive biomarker of the antioxidant defense system.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWe investigated genotoxicity and oxidative stress in the gills of Labeo rohita exposed to 33.6, 67.1, and 100.6 mg L–1 of cadmium chloride at 96 h. Genotoxicity was assessed using single cell gel electrophoresis whereas oxidative stress was monitored through lipid peroxidation induction and antioxidant response parameters, namely reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase (CAT) activities. Significant (p < .05) effect of both concentration and time of exposure was observed on the extent of DNA damage in treated fish. Similarly, malondialdehyde content, level of GSH, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly elevated in treated groups, except CAT. The increased DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO) content along with fluctuation in antioxidant defense system in fish indicated the interaction of cadmium (Cd) with DNA repair processes and production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, Cd is liable for induction of LPO, alteration of antioxidant defenses, and DNA damage in gills of L. rohitaNot Availabl